“Many efforts have been made by the different American denominations to do mission work among the Scandinavians in the state . . .” This remark was made by two Minneapolis Scandinavians in 1901 (Swedes in Minnesota, p. 276). It wasn’t just the Scandinavians that were ear-marked by so-called American denominations as potential members, other immigrant groups, particularly those from Northern and Western Europe, were considered fair game for conversion. In 1870, the Brotherhood, the men’s mission organization of Gethsemane Episcopal Church, decided to build a permanent mission building, called Brotherhood Chapel, on Washington and 7th Street North, “to attract Germans, Irish, and Scandinavians who were moving into that community” (Building Honestly: The Foundations of the Cathedral Church of St. Mark’s, p. 17). Five years later the chapel’s name was changed to St. Andrew’s Episcopal Church and became an independent parish in 1883. The congregation, consisting of native-born Americans, and Scottish, Irish, and German immigrants, worshipped in its chapel until a new church was erected in 1895 on 12th Avenue North and Sixth Street. In 1905, in chorus with other Protestant churches on the Near North Side, the congregants moved their church further north to 12th Avenue and Sixth Street North, and five years later a bit further to 19th Street and James where it remained until it was destroyed by fire in 1924. To continue its presence on the Near North Side, the Episcopal Cathedral Church of St. Mark’s decided on a different tactic to reach out to the unchurched and immigrants on the Near North Side, it would establish a settlement house whose primary purpose “was to help aliens and strangers settle into life in America. It was more a civic vision than a religious one. If in the process, some became Episcopalians, that was fine, but the basic intent of the work was to fight the poverty and ignorance that “real” Americans felt was rampant in immigrant neighborhoods and help turn recipients of services into model American citizens themselves” (ibid., p. 73). Thus Welles Memorial Settlement House, located at 11th and Western Avenue North, was dedicated on October 16, 1908. [See below, p….]